John Singer Sargent (1856–1925) was an American expatriate artist, considered the leading portrait painter of his generation for his evocations of Belle Époque and Edwardian-era luxury, producing roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors over his career. Born in Florence, Italy, in 1856 to American parents living abroad, he trained in Paris from 1874 in the atelier of Carolus-Duran, who urged his students to paint directly from the model and to study the painterly Old Masters — Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Reynolds, and, above all, Velázquez — influences that mark nearly everything Sargent made from his first Paris Salon submissions in 1877 onward. Noted for his dazzling technical virtuosity, he influenced an entire generation of American portraitists even as he resented the constraints of the genre. His most famous work, Madame X (1883–84), a bold, unconventional portrait of the American expatriate socialite Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, caused a succès de scandale at the 1884 Paris Salon and led him to settle in London in 1886, where he became the favored portraitist of the English aristocracy during the 1890s. After 1900 he increasingly devoted himself to monumental murals for the Boston Public Library and Harvard's Widener Library, as well as acclaimed travel watercolors. Sargent's lasting impact lies in his fusion of Old Master traditions with modern painterly freedom, which redefined society portraiture for his generation and remains a touchstone in major museum collections and retrospectives today.